The new Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Panama, published in Official Gazette No. 29887-A on October 11, 2023, represents a major step forward in modernizing the Panamanian judicial system. This new legal framework introduces clear rules on process digitalization, the use of technological tools, and the guarantee of access to justice for all individuals, regardless of their language or physical condition.
One of the most significant features of the new Code is the explicit inclusion of the role of interpreters and court translators, whose participation is essential to ensure the right to defense and effective understanding of judicial proceedings by all parties involved.
1. Official Language and Document Translation (Article 166)
Article 166 establishes that all judicial proceedings must be conducted in Spanish. Therefore, documents drafted in another language and submitted to the court must be accompanied by their translation within ten days of receipt.
Furthermore, courts must have the necessary facilities to receive statements or documents from persons who do not speak Spanish or who have hearing or visual impairments. This includes the appointment of an official interpreter or one chosen by the party concerned.
This provision promotes inclusion and protects procedural rights, ensuring that no participant is placed at a disadvantage due to language barriers or sensory limitations.
2. Interpreters in Virtual Hearings (Article 175)
The new Code also recognizes virtual hearings and video hearings as valid means to conduct judicial proceedings. In these cases, judges are required to verify the identity of participants and ensure that those who need linguistic or technical assistance can fully understand and participate.
If a party has a hearing impairment or requires sign language interpretation, the judge must adopt the necessary measures to ensure effective communication with the interpreter.
3. Interpreter Fees (Articles 382 and 422)
The Code regulates judicial expenses, including the recognition and payment of interpreters. According to Article 422, when a person who does not understand Spanish or who has a hearing disability must testify, the judge will appoint a judicial interpreter, who will act as an auxiliary of justice.
Interpreter fees are paid by the party requesting the service, although the judge retains the authority to adjust the amount if the fees are deemed excessive or insufficient, in accordance with Article 382.
4. Translation of Foreign Documents and Evidence (Article 480)
In cases involving documents executed abroad, Article 480 provides that such documents must be apostilled or authenticated, and if written in a language other than Spanish, they must be accompanied by a translation prepared by an authorized public translator or court interpreter.
Any translation may be challenged for substantial error, and in case of dispute, the judge may appoint a new translator to ensure accuracy. This reinforces the importance of the authorized public translator as a guarantor of linguistic and technical fidelity in judicial proceedings.
5. Testimonies and Statements with Interpreter Assistance (Articles 498 and 509)
The new Code also safeguards the right of individuals who do not speak Spanish or who have sensory disabilities to testify on equal terms.
Article 498 allows persons with hearing impairments to testify through a sign language interpreter, while Article 509 establishes that witnesses who do not speak Spanish must give testimony through a qualified interpreter.
These provisions strengthen the principle of universal access to justice, ensuring that the search for truth is not hindered by linguistic or communication barriers.
Conclusion
The New Civil Procedure Code of Panama reinforces the role of interpreters and authorized public translators as essential auxiliaries of justice. Their participation not only ensures the proper understanding of legal proceedings but also upholds human rights, equality before the law, and procedural transparency.
In a country with increasing international engagement and cultural diversity, having certified interpreters and translators is an indispensable requirement for a modern and accessible justice system—one that Panama continues to build.
Do you need an interpreter to appear before Panamanian courts?
Make sure your voice is clearly understood and that you meet the requirements of the new Civil Procedure Code.
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